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[Machine Learning] What is Machine Learning? - Supervised Learning & Unsupervised Learning

2023. 3. 13. 15:03

What is Machine Learning?

 machine learning์˜ ์ •์˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ž…์žฅ์ด ์ฃผ์žฅ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. Arthur Samuel์— ์˜ํ•˜๋ฉด Machine Learning์€ "์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ์—๊ฒŒ ๋ช…ํ™•ํ•œ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋ž˜๋ฐ ์—†์ด ํ•™์Šตํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ์ฃผ๋Š” ๋ถ„์•ผ" ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ฌ˜์‚ฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด ์ฃผ์žฅ์€ ์˜ค๋ž˜ ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , ๋น„๊ณต์‹์ ์ธ ์ •์˜์ด๋‹ค. ๐Ÿ˜…

 

 Tom Mitchell์€ ๋”์šฑ ํ˜„๋Œ€์ ์ธ ์ •์˜๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค: "์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์€ ๋ช‡๋ช‡ task $T$์˜ ํด๋ž˜์Šค์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ $E$์™€ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ ์ง€ํ‘œ $P$๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ํ•™์Šต๋˜์„œ, task $T$์—์„œ์˜ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์€ $P$์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ธก์ •๋˜๊ณ , ๊ฒฝํ—˜ $E$๋กœ ํ–ฅ์ƒ๋œ๋‹ค." ์ฒด์ปค๋ฅผ ์˜ˆ๋กœ ๋“ค์–ด์„œ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๋ฉด ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค.

 

  • $E$: ๋งŽ์€ ์ฒด์ปค ๊ฒŒ์ž„ ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด ๊ฒฝํ—˜
  • $T$: ์ฒด์ปค๋ฅผ ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ดํ•˜๋Š” task
  • $P$: ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์ด ๋‹ค์Œ ๊ฒŒ์ž„์„ ์ด๊ธธ ํ™•๋ฅ 

 

 ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ machine learning ๋ฌธ์ œ๋“ค์€ ๋‹ค์Œ์˜ ๋‘ ๊ฐœ์˜ ํฐ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜๋กœ ๋‚˜๋‰œ๋‹ค: Supervised Learning$($์ง€๋„ํ•™์Šต$)$, unsupervised Learning$($๋น„์ง€๋„ํ•™์Šต$)$

 

 

Supervised Learning

 Supervised Learning์€ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์…‹์ด ์ฃผ์–ด์ง€๊ณ , ์ž…๋ ฅ๊ณผ ์ถœ๋ ฅ ์‚ฌ์ด์— ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ƒ๊ฐ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์˜ฌ๋ฐ”๋ฅธ ์ถœ๋ ฅ์ด ์–ด๋–ค ๋ชจ์Šต์ด์–ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ์ด๋ฏธ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ƒํƒœ์ด๋‹ค. 

 

 Supervised Learning์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ํฌ๊ฒŒ "regression$($ํšŒ๊ท€$)$"๊ณผ "classification$($๋ถ„๋ฅ˜$)$"๋กœ ๋‚˜๋‰œ๋‹ค. regression ๋ฌธ์ œ์—์„œ๋Š”, ์ด์–ด์ง€๋Š” ์ถœ๋ ฅ ๋‚ด์—์„œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋งํ•ด, ์ž…๋ ฅ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์—ฐ์† ํ•จ์ˆ˜์— ๋งคํ•‘ํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ์ด๋‹ค. classification ๋ฌธ์ œ์—์„œ๋Š”, ๋ณ„๊ฐœ์˜ ์ถœ๋ ฅ์—์„œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ง๋กœ ํ•˜๋ฉด, ์ž…๋ ฅ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋ณ„๊ฐœ์˜ ์นดํ…Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์— ๋งคํ•‘ํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ์ด๋‹ค.

 

 

Unsupervised Learning

Unsupervised Learning์€ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ค ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–์ถฐ์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋˜๋Š” ์ „ํ˜€ ๋ชจ๋ฅธ ์ฑ„ ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ์ ‘๊ทผํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณ€์ˆ˜์˜ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์•Œ ํ•„์š” ์—†์ด ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ์–ป์–ด๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์—์„œ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋“ค ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„์— ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ํ•ด์„œ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๊ตฐ์ง‘ํ™”ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์–ป์–ด๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. Unsupervised Learning์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋ฉด, ์˜ˆ์ธก ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์— ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ํ•œ ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ์ด ์—†๋‹ค.

'Lecture ๐Ÿง‘โ€๐Ÿซ > Coursera' ์นดํ…Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ธ€

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